Case Study- BURJ-AL-ARAB, Dubai Chetna Shaktawat Deeksha Joshi Sakshi Gandhi Prodipta Chatterjee

BY: Case Study- BURJ-AL-ARAB, Dubai Chetna Shaktawat Deeksha Joshi Sakshi Gandhi Prodipta Chatterjee LOCATION BURJ AL-ARAB • United Arab Emirates – Dubai • Private Island (280 m Offshore) BURJ AL-ARAB • Building Name: Burj-Al-Arab Hotel. • Other/Former Names: Arab Sail. • Chief Architect: The primary architect who designed the building Tom Wright of Atkins. • Chief Contractor: WS Atkins Partners Overseas. • Construction Contractor: Murray & Roberts. • Construction : 1993 – 1999. • Floors : 60. • Floor Area : 111,500 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft) Architect’s Background BURJ AL-ARAB • Tom Wright (formerly Tom Wills-Wright) - The architect and designer of the Burj al Arab in Dubai, UAE. • Tom Wright lived in Dubai during the design and construction of the project, working as the project Design Director for Atkins , one of the world′s leading multi discipline design consultancies. • Tom Wright is British, born in Croydon a suburb of London on 18th September 1957. • Educated at the Royal Russell School and then Kingston Polytechnic school of Architecture. • Wright became a member of the Royal institute of British Architects in 1983 and has been in practice ever since. The felt pen illustration was an early development sketch of the hotel drawn by Wright . Introduction BURJ AL-ARAB ● The Burj Al Arab - Tower of the Arabs , also known as "Arab Sail“. ● A luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. ● At 321 m (1,050 ft), it is the third tallest building in the world used exclusively as a hotel. ● Stands on an artificial island 280 m (920 ft) . ● Connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. ● It is an iconic structure, designed to symbolize Dubai's urban transformation and to mimic the sail of a boat. Burj Al Arab - the world's third tallest hotel. Concept BURJ AL-ARAB ● The instruction from the client (the Crown Prince of Dubai) was to design, not just a hotel, but also a signature building; one that would announce, "Welcome to Dubai". ● The client wanted a dramatic statement with imagery that would immediately conjure up images of the city. ● The building is built on sand, which is unusual as most tall building are founded on rock. The Burj al Arab is supported on 250, 1.5M diameter columns that go 45 meters under the sea. As there is only sand to hold the building up the columns rely on friction. Concept – Orientation and Circulation BURJ AL-ARAB • The orientation of the building minimizes the heat gain during the summer seasons. • The south elevation has the most exposed surface area. As a result, it has the maximum capacity for heat absorption. • For people, there is access to the hotel through the roof via a helicopter. At the main entrance there is a grand stairway, an escalator and elevators. • For air, the revolving door located at the main entrance acts as a locking mechanism to prevent a phenomenon known as the stack effect, which occurs when the hot air rises and the cool air falls in a tall building. https://sites.google.com/site/ae390spring2012burjalarab/architectural- systems/1-drawings-diagrams Environmental Approach BURJ AL-ARAB Wind Effects Dubai’s • Geographic location subjects the hotel to severe weather conditions including strong winds and occasional violent thunderstorms. • Due to the structure’s proximity to its adjacent hotel resort, wind tunnel testing was considered to ensure a safe design. • wind speed of 45 meters per second, under the recommendations of Dubai Municipality, was adopted for the design. Seismic Impact Dubai • Itself is not located in an earthquake intensive zone. However, southern Iran which is only 100 miles away to the north is subjected to moderate earthquake risk and in turn which could create tremors in Dubai if a seismic event were to occur in Iran. • To reinforce the structure from any potential swaying, two tuned mass dampers, weighing about 2 tonnes each, limit vibrations in the tubular steel mast that projects 60 m above the building. Environmental Approach BURJ AL-ARAB http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/MASTERJIN-343616-burj-al-arab-building-construction-study-presentation1-compiled-education-ppt-powerpoint/ Environmental Approach BURJ AL-ARAB VORTEX SHEDDING ● Analysis were done with respect to Building response under wind loads ● Wind tunnel could threaten the entire skeleton. Wind blowing away sharp edges can cause destruction. ● Vibration may cause due to vortex shedding RESPONSE ● First option was to change the shape but Architect was against and forced the engineer to re-think. ● Ingenious hanging weight were installed at variable places - when wind blows, 5 ton weight will swing and damp down the vibrations to safety limits (refer image for locations highlighted in red) Typical Floor Plan BURJ AL-ARAB ● Building is a hybrid “V” shape structure constructed in concrete and blended with structural steel. ● The “V” shape steel frame wraps around the reinforced concrete tower inhabiting hotel rooms and lobbies. ● The two wings enclose space in center to form largest atrium in the world standing about 180m height. ● Burj al Arab is made up of 28 storeys of split levels (56 storeys) with 10,000 Sqmt floor area, 60,000 Sqmt of concrete and 9,000 ton of reinforced steel. ● The roofs and walls of the building are made of prefabricated concrete ● There is a concrete core at the back of the building which forms the base of the V-shape and the trusses http://www.scribd.com/doc/61292707/Design-and-Construction-of-Burj-Al-Arab#scribd are connected to it. BURJ AL-ARAB http://www.scribd.com/doc/61292707/Design-and-Construction-of-Burj-Al-Arab#scribd ● Burj al Arab has the structural expressionism. ● Structural Expressionism basically means that the structural components of the building are visible on the inside as well as outside. ● This includes features such as exposed truss work and complex shapes. Island Construction ● It took 3 yrs to reclaim the land from sea and less than 3 yrs to construct the building. ● Island rises 7 and a half meters above the waves. ● Island protected by concrete honeycomb shape solid blocks designed to reduce the impact of waves. ● ‡No one in the gulf had ever used these blocks before CONCEPT AND DESIGN ● Main concern was protection of island, waves breaking over island and impacting the structure. ● Initial proposal was by rock which was easily available and supported the existing technologies. ● Architect-Wright however rejected the proposal because this would make island too high and his concept was –sail rising from water-people close to sea. ● There were lot of debate on height of island. ● Then Nicholas experimented with pioneering concrete blocks- specially designed to reduce impact of waves. Testing were done to ensure island was safe-3 weeks of testing came up with positive results. BURJ AL-ARAB ● Temporary tube piles driven into sea bed ● Permanent boundary rock bunds deposited either ● Temporary sheet piles and tie rods driven into seabed side of sheet piles to support boundary rocks ● Hydraulic fill layers deposited between bunds to displace seawater and form island (fill layers partially complete in figure) ● Permanent concrete armor units placed around island to ● Island interior excavated and temporary sheet pile protect itfrom the waves coffer dam inserted ● ‡1.5 m diameter 45m deep piles driven through island and ● ‡2m thick concrete plug slab laid at base of island sea bedbelow to stabilize structure ● ‡Reinforced concrete retaining wall built ● ‡Basement floors created BURJ AL-ARAB Concrete blocks worked like sponge ● As wave hit the block, water pass inside and turn around in itself and hence force is dissipated and hence battle for secure island is won. ● Island only 7 and half meter above sea level was ready in Nov 1995. Foundation BURJ AL-ARAB THE CHALLENGE ● It was very challenging to design foundations to Support the mega structure-270 miles off coast, 320 mtr in height on man-made island (6mts from Arabian Sea) resistant to earthquake (falling under range of major fault line) and wind that blows 90 miles per hour. ● Structure was designed to amaze-one never built before. Location on a reclaimed land was added challenge. TESTS AND RESULTS ● Initial core test-Drilling done 180mts down and no solid rock was formed but architect was defiant about the design and construction. ● Then, reinforced concrete foundation piles deep into sand with concept of skin –friction were designed. ● Skin friction: resistance that stops the slipping between sand and surface of piles. When friction between them is equal to impact, situation is handled. BURJ AL-ARAB ● The building is built on sand.Sand was compacted around the building to create friction against pile. This stopped the building from sinking. ● It is supported on 250 numbers of 1.5 meter diameter columns that drilled deep into the sea ● Each column is a steel reinforced concrete foundation pile with 45 meter in length. ● Piles -20 percent longer than planned were executed with combined length of six and a half miles-35 times as long as tiring hotel to support. ● Longer the pile the greater the effect of skin friction is. ● Foundations has the capacity to resists failure due to Liquefaction which is caused during earthquakes. CONSTRUCTION SITE PICTURESBURJ AL-ARAB Materials and Structure BURJ AL-ARAB 1. Core 2. Exoskeleton frame 3. Facade 4. Skyview Restaurant 5. Helipad http://www.arabianbusiness.com/incoming/article570447.ece/ALTERNATES/g3l/nov97.jpg Core BURJ AL-ARAB -The v shape form of prefabricated concrete is hold in place with cross brace frame and a gigantic steel structure known as exoskeleton. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3l2LhpyJfkg connecting the two cores with cross bracings of fabricated box section,imparting stability Exoskeleton Frame BURJ AL-ARAB Exoskeleton is made of two legs on each side of http://www.gerb.com/ the structure.These Legs are built up H- Sections connected by lattice braced members.

Urban Megaprojects-Based Approach in Urban Planning: from Isolated Objects to Shaping the City the Case of Dubai

Université de Liège Faculty of Applied Sciences Urban Megaprojects-based Approach in Urban Planning: From Isolated Objects to Shaping the City The Case of Dubai PHD Thesis Dissertation Presented by Oula AOUN Submission Date: March 2016 Thesis Director: Jacques TELLER, Professor, Université de Liège Jury: Mario COOLS, Professor, Université de Liège Bernard DECLEVE, Professor, Université Catholique de Louvain Robert SALIBA, Professor, American University of Beirut Eric VERDEIL, Researcher, Université Paris-Est CNRS Kevin WARD, Professor, University of Manchester ii To Henry iii iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My acknowledgments go first to Professor Jacques Teller, for his support and guidance. I was very lucky during these years to have you as a thesis director. Your assistance was very enlightening and is greatly appreciated. Thank you for your daily comments and help, and most of all thank you for your friendship, and your support to my little family. I would like also to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr Eric Verdeil and Professor Bernard Declève, for guiding me during these last four years. Thank you for taking so much interest in my research work, for your encouragement and valuable comments, and thank you as well for all the travel you undertook for those committee meetings. This research owes a lot to Université de Liège, and the Non-Fria grant that I was very lucky to have. Without this funding, this research work, and my trips to UAE, would not have been possible. My acknowledgments go also to Université de Liège for funding several travels giving me the chance to participate in many international seminars and conferences.

SOUTH CHINA SEA MILITARY CAPABILITY SERIES A Survey of Technologies and Capabilities on China’s Military Outposts in the South China Sea INTER-ISLAND COMMUNICATIONS J. Michael Dahm INTER-ISLAND COMMUNICATIONS J. Michael Dahm Copyright © 2020 The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. All Rights Reserved. This study contains the best opinion of the author based on publicly available, open- source information at time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the assessments or opinions of APL sponsors. The author is responsible for all analysis and annotations of satellite images contained in this report. Satellite images are published under license from Maxar Technologies/DigitalGlobe, Inc., which retains copyrights to the original images. Satellite images in this report may not be reproduced without the express permission of JHU/APL and Maxar Technologies/DigitalGlobe, Inc. See Appendix A for notes on sources and analytic methods. NSAD-R-20-048 July 2020 Inter-Island Communicaitons Contents Introduction . 1 Troposcatter Communications, 散射通信 . 2 VHF/UHF and Other Line-of-Sight Communications . 6 4G Cellular Communications . 7 Airborne Communications Layer .

Island Studies Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2015, pp. 181-196 Futures, fakes and discourses of the gigantic and miniature in ‘The World’ islands, Dubai Pamila Gupta University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article takes the “island” as a key trope in tourism studies, exploring how ideas of culture and nature, as well as those of paradise (lost) are central to its interpretation for tourists and tourist industries alike. Increasingly, however, island tourism is blurring the line between geographies of land and water, continent and archipelago, and private and public property. The case of ‘The World’ islands mega project off the coast of Dubai (UAE) is used to chart the changing face and future of island tourism, exploring how spectacle, branding and discourses of the gigantic, miniature, and fake, alongside technological mediations on a large- scale, reflect the postmodern neoliberal world of tourism and the liquid times in which we live. Artificial island complexes such as this one function as cosmopolitan ‘non-places’ at the same time that they reflect a resurgence in (British) nascent nationalism and colonial nostalgia, all the whilst operating in a sea of ‘junkspace’. The shifting cartography of ‘the island’ is thus mapped out to suggest new forms of place-making and tourism’s evolving relationship to these floating islandscapes. Keywords : archipelago; culture; Dubai; island tourism; nature; ‘World Islands’ © 2015 – Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Introduction A journey. A saga. A legend. The World is today’s great development epic. An engineering odyssey to create an island paradise of sea, sand and sky, a destination has arrived that allows investors to chart their own course and make the world their own.

Construction Process and Post-Construction Impacts of the Palm Jumeirah in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

PT-2013: Coastal and Ocean Engineering ENGI.8751 Undergraduate Student Forum Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada March, 2013 Paper Code. (PT-2013 - Gibling) Construction Process and Post-Construction Impacts of the Palm Jumeirah in Dubai, United Arab Emirates Colin Gibling Memorial University St. John's, NL [email protected] ABSTRACT The Palm Jumeirah is an artificial island located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, created through the process of land reclamation. It was developed during an economic boom in Dubai, catering to the increased tourism and luxury living requirements of the city. Design of the Palm Jumeirah started in 2001 and construction has since been completed. Two other islands, the Palm Jebel Ali and the Palm Deira, are still under construction, and are on hold indefinitely following recent financial problems and slowing property markets in Dubai. The Palm Jumeirah was designed largely to combat the problem of limited development space, especially beachfront properties. The palm shape of the island was decided on as it provided significant beachfront area, while remaining culturally relevant and symbolic. Extensive dredging and land reclamation was required to build the two sections: the outer breakwater and the inner palm shape. Throughout the reclamation process, geographical surveys were completed to ensure that the island was being shaped correctly and built up to the designed elevation. After reclamation was complete, vibrocompaction was used to compact and strengthen the sand, making it a suitable base for construction. With construction completed, the impacts of the Palm Jumeirah can be observed. Specific areas of interest are the impacts on the island itself, the surrounding geography and the ecosystem.

TRAVEL Burj Al Arab: The only 7-Star Hotel in the World by Engr. Chin Mee Poon, FIEM, P. Eng. ON our way back from Scotland, my wife and I stopped over at Dubai for three nights to see how much the place has progressed since our last visit in 2002. Dubai is a tiny emirate situated near the tip of a promontory of the Arabic Peninsula that separates the Persian Gulf from the Gulf of Oman. It is the second largest of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates, one of the richest Arabic countries. Before oil was discovered in the 1960s, Dubai was poor and its people lived a nomadic life in a desert environment. In less than half a century, the desert land on both sides of Another first is, of course, the well-known Burj Al Arab, the Dubai Creek has been transformed into a large oasis of often touted as the world’s only 7-star hotel. Built on an concrete jungle, and this oasis is still expanding with more artificial island in the vicinity of the luxurious 5-star Jumeirah giant structures shooting up to scrap the sky. Beach Hotel, this all-suite hotel is in the shape of a sail. It is estimated that 20% of the world’s tower cranes are At 321m, it is also the tallest hotel in the world. And with currently employed in Dubai. Of its population of about its cheapest suite going for about Dh3,500 (about RM3,500) a 1.5 million people, almost 80% are foreign workers from night, it is definitely the most expensive hotel in the world.

Height Height Rank Building City Country Floors Built (m) (ft) 1 Burj Khalifa Dubai UAE 828 m 2,717 ft 163 2010 2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 121 2014 Saudi 3 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel Mecca 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Arabia 4 One World Trade Center New York City USA 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2013 5 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 509 m 1,670 ft 101 2004 6 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008 7 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010 8 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 8 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 10 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010 11 Willis Tower (Formerly Sears Tower) Chicago USA 442 m 1,450 ft 108 1973 12 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 13 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 440 m 1,440 ft 103 2010 14 Dream Dubai Marina Dubai UAE 432 m 1,417 ft 101 2014 15 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago USA 423 m 1,389 ft 98 2009 16 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1999 17 Princess Tower Dubai UAE 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012 18 Al Hamra Firdous Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 413 m 1,354 ft 77 2011 19 2 International Finance Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003 20 23 Marina Dubai UAE 395 m 1,296 ft 89 2012 21 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 391 m 1,283 ft 80 1997 22 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 1996 23 Central Market Project Abu Dhabi UAE 381 m 1,251 ft 88 2012 24 Empire State Building New York City USA 381 m 1,250

Burj Khalifa Tower The tallest structure in the world, standing at 2,722 ft (830 meters), just over 1/2 mile high, Burj Khalifa (Khalifa Tower) opened in 2010 as a centerpiece building in a large-scale, mixed-use development called Downtown Dubai. The building originally referred to as Dubai Tower was renamed in honor of the president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Burj Khalifa Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architecture Style Modern Skyscraper | Neo-Futurism Glass, Steel, Aluminum & Reinforced Concrete Prominent Architecture Features Y-Shaped Floor Plan Maximizes Window Perimeter Areas for residential and hotel space Buttressed central core and wing design to support the height of the building 27 setbacks in a spiraling pattern Main Structure 430,000 cubic yards reinforced concrete and 61,000 tons rebar Foundation - 59,000 cubic yards concrete and 192 piles 164 ft (50 m) deep Highly compartmentalized, pressurized refuge floors for life safety Facade Aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with low-E glass Vertical polished stainless steel fins Observation Deck - 148th Floor PROJECT SUMMARY Project Description Burj Kahlifa, the tallest building in the world, has redefined the possibilities in the design, engineering, and construction of mega-tall buildings. Incorporating periodic setbacks at the ends of each wing, the tower tapers in an upward spiraling pattern that decreases is mass as the height of the tower increases. The building’s design included multiple wind tunnel tests and design adjustments to develop optimum performance relative to wind and natural forces. The building serves as a model for the concept of future, compact, livable, urban centers with direct connections to mass transit systems.

ctbuh.org/papers Title: Reflecting on the Inauguration of the Burj Khalifa, Dubai 2010 Author: Pierre Marcout, President & Artistic Director, Prisme Entertainment Subjects: Building Case Study History, Theory & Criticism Keywords: Community Height Megatall Publication Date: 2015 Original Publication: The Middle East: A Selection of Written Works on Iconic Towers and Global Place-Making Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Pierre Marcout Reflecting on the Inauguration of the Burj Khalifa, Dubai 2010 Pierre Marcout, President & Artistic Director, Prisme Entertainment Inc. & Prisme International Dubai is a city that emerged in only a decade. be intrigued to discover the real amazing story Later in life, my first job was to manage Though facing successive challenges it has behind presenting this new global icon. a branch for an important distributor built an attractive reputation around the of electric materials. Of course, my own world. Criticized and envied, it multiplies the interests in lighting led me to develop a new superlatives and keeps being talked about. Its I was always fascinated by light. In the market segment that exposed new designs and presentations for lighting. I jumped notoriety is impressive compared to its relative beginning, I was drawn to the colored lights in my bedroom, but my goal was not to on this success to learn more about the size. Dubai holds in its name a fantastic power create a night club, because at 10 years of capacity to create different atmospheres in of attraction, and Burj Khalifa (828m, 162 floors) age, my parents would have never allowed offices and homes through lighting alone, became the emblem of the new century upon that to happen.

U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42784 U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas Summary Over the past several years, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. China’s actions in the SCS—including extensive island-building and base- construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China’s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam—have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China’s maritime forces at the Japan- administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China’s near-seas region—meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea—could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. Potential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S.

Tuned Mass Dampers for Bridges, Buildings and Other Tall Structures Tuned Mass Dampers for Bridges, Buildings and Other Tall Structures

Saint Petersburg Berlin Chicago Saint Nazaire Essen Prague Paris Milano Madrid Qingdao Yokohama Guadalajara New Delhi Bangalore So Paulo Corporate Headquarters with Production Subsidiary with Production Subsidiary Tuned Mass Dampers for Bridges, Buildings and other Tall Structures Tuned Mass Dampers for Bridges, Buildings and other Tall Structures Vertical TMD Wide span structures such as bridges, stairs, and roofs, as well as tall, narrow Millennium Bridge – London, GB structures such as chimneys, antennas, masts and buildings, can be easily ex- cited to high vibration amplitudes in their first or higher eigenforms. Excitations can be caused by wind forces, pedestrian traffic, machinery or earthquakes. Natural frequencies and damping are typically low for these structures. With GERB tuned mass dampers (TMD), these vibrations can be easily reduced. All GERB TMDs, both vertical or horizon- tal, have three main components: Spring or pendulum – Oscillating Mass – Viscodamper® (viscous fluid damper). Every TMD is exactly tuned to the main natural frequency of the structure. Although TMDs have been well-known for a long time, it is still difficult to pro- vide exact tuning and predefined system damping. Furthermore, the three com- ponents must not change their dynamic properties over time, even when exposed To protect against vertical vibrations, to variable weather conditions. GERB has GERB TMDs are equipped with helical worldwide success in designing and man- compression springs and Viscodampers®. ufacturing TMDs with masses from 20 to For horizontal and torsional vibrations, 10,000 kg, and vibration frequencies from GERB supplies TMDs with leaf springs or 40 to as low as 0.3 Hz. pendulums, and Viscodampers®.

GrowinG an island: okinotori dirk de Meyer The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1 defines an island as “a naturally formed area of land, surrounded United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1 by water, which is above water at high tide”. However, according to (UNCLOS), 10 December this international law, not every 20°25’0.00"N, kind of 136° island 5’0.00"E engenders the same 1982, Part VIII, art. 121(1); reprinted in “United Nations, legal effects, for “Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or Official Text of the United economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone.”2 Nations Convention on the The primary purpose of this paragraph was to ensure that insignificant Law of Sea with Annexes and Index”, UN Sales No. E.83.V.5 geological features, particularly those far from areas claimed by other (1983). The law entered into states, could not generate broad zones of national jurisdiction in the force 16 November 1994. middle of the ocean. Otherwise, the smallest rock would be capable of 2 suddenly generating an enormous exclusive economic zone, a circular Ibid., Part VIII, art. 121(3). area with a radius of 200 nautical miles or 370 kilometres, i.e. an area of roughly two thirds the size of France. 20˚25’0.00”N, 136˚5’0.00”E – 23 In fact, there have been few circumstances in which rocks have given rise to such claims. Most often, these have been located in coastal areas subject to conflicting state claims.

DUBAI – A WOMAN’s PRADISE 7 Days – 6 Nights DAY 1: WELCOME TO DUBAI! Upon arrival to Dubai, guests will be welcomed outside the Airport Terminal after they have collected their luggage. OPTION: Marhaba Services at Airport on Arrival (Silver Meet & Greet on Arrival) The greeter will welcome the guest at the arrival gate with a placard, the guest must approach the greeter and he/she will be assisting the guest with immigration formalities. The greeter will also provide assistance with luggage collection with a porter to the guest and once all the formalities are complete the greeter will escort and assist the guest to the exit and to the car park. • Fast-track through immigration and security. • Hand baggage trolleys on request. • Porter service for baggage reclaims. • Buggy car transfers on request and where permitted Transfer to your hotel in Dubai Hotel Check in Overnight at the hotel. DAY 2: DUBAI Morning Free at Leisure. Guests can enjoy the hotel facilities post breakfast. In the afternoon, guests will enjoy Desert Safari, Dune Bashing and BBQ dinner. Pick up is typically around 1500 hrs and this will be confirmed based on the hotel chosen for overnight. This tour departs across the Arabian Desert with photo-stops during an exciting dune drive. Stop at a camel farm to learn about the ‘Ships of the Desert’ then watch a fascinating Falcon show and interact with the falconer. A spectacular sunset welcomes you at our traditional Arabian Campsite with ‘Gahwa’ Arabic coffee and local dates. Experience a brief camel ride, try sand boarding and get a henna tattoo then relax with a Shisha water- pipe.